75. Sort Colors


Given an array nums with n objects colored red, white, or blue, sort them in-place so that objects of the same color are adjacent, with the colors in the order red, white, and blue.

We will use the integers 0, 1, and 2 to represent the color red, white, and blue, respectively.

You must solve this problem without using the library’s sort function.

Example 1:

Input: nums = [2,0,2,1,1,0]
Output: [0,0,1,1,2,2]

Example 2:

Input: nums = [2,0,1]
Output: [0,1,2]

Constraints:

  • n == nums.length
  • 1 <= n <= 300
  • nums[i] is either 0, 1, or 2.

Follow up: Could you come up with a one-pass algorithm using only constant extra space?

这道题说是给了三种颜色,red,white,和 blue,分别用数字0,1,2来表示,现在让给这些颜色排序,要使得相同的颜色挨在一起,并且是以 red,white,和 blue 的顺序进行排序。本质上还是一道排序的题,题目中给出提示说可以用计数排序,需要遍历数组两遍,那么先来看这种方法,因为数组中只有三个不同的元素,所以实现起来很容易。

- 首先遍历一遍原数组,分别记录 0,1,2 的个数。
- 然后更新原数组,按个数分别赋上 0,1,2。

解法一:

class Solution {
public:
    void sortColors(vector<int>& nums) {
        vector<int> colors(3);
        for (int num : nums) ++colors[num];
        for (int i = 0, cur = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
            for (int j = 0; j < colors[i]; ++j) {
                nums[cur++] = i;
            }
        }
    }
};

题目中还要让只遍历一次数组来求解,那么就需要用双指针来做,分别从原数组的首尾往中心移动。

- 定义 red 指针指向开头位置,blue 指针指向末尾位置。

- 从头开始遍历原数组,如果遇到0,则交换该值和 red 指针指向的值,并将 red 指针后移一位。若遇到2,则交换该值和 blue 指针指向的值,并将 blue 指针前移一位。若遇到1,则继续遍历。

解法二:

class Solution {
public:
    void sortColors(vector<int>& nums) {
        int red = 0, blue = (int)nums.size() - 1;
        for (int i = 0; i <= blue; ++i) {
            if (nums[i] == 0) {
                swap(nums[i], nums[red++]);
            } else if (nums[i] == 2) {
                swap(nums[i--], nums[blue--]);
            } 
        }
    }
};

当然我们也可以使用 while 循环的方式来写,那么就需要一个变量 cur 来记录当前遍历到的位置,参见代码如下:

解法三:

class Solution {
public:
    void sortColors(vector<int>& nums) {
        int left = 0, right = (int)nums.size() - 1, cur = 0;
        while (cur <= right) {
            if (nums[cur] == 0) {
                swap(nums[cur++], nums[left++]);
            } else if (nums[cur] == 2) {
                swap(nums[cur], nums[right--]);
            } else {
                ++cur;
            }
        }
    }
};

Github 同步地址:

https://github.com/grandyang/leetcode/issues/75

类似题目:

Sort List

Wiggle Sort II

Wiggle Sort

参考资料:

https://leetcode.com/problems/sort-colors/

https://leetcode.com/problems/sort-colors/discuss/26500/Four-different-solutions

https://leetcode.com/problems/sort-colors/discuss/26472/Share-my-at-most-two-pass-constant-space-10-line-solution

https://leetcode.com/problems/sort-colors/discuss/26760/C%2B%2B-solution-in-8-lines%3A-an-instance-of-the-Dutch-national-flag-problem-by-Edsger-Dijkstra

LeetCode All in One 题目讲解汇总(持续更新中…)

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